Focus: Branch Office and Subsidiary

Entering the German market opens up outstanding growth opportunities for international companies. As part of the strategic planning, a decision must be made before market entry as to whether a legally independent subsidiary should be formed or whether a branch office is the better choice.

The optimal structure for you depends largely on the market presence you are aiming for in Germany, the liability risks you are willing to bear and how much organisational effort you want to invest.

As a specialised law firm, we have been advising foreign companies on this process, among others, for more than two decades and develop the optimal solution together with them. Below, we outline the most important differences, advantages and pitfalls.

The Branch Office

A branch office (Zweigniederlassung) is not a separate company in legal terms, but merely an extension of your foreign parent company. Contracts are concluded directly with the parent company, which in turn means that the parent company is also directly and without limitation liable for all business activities and risks in Germany.

The key advantage lies in the quick and simple establishment, as no new company has to be formed and no share capital has to be raised. This is primarily suitable for an initial, deliberately lean market test.

However, our experience shows that this supposedly lower administrative burden often does not deliver the desired organisational relief in practice. As a rule, the branch office must keep its own accounts under German law and file tax returns in Germany. This frequently leads to considerably higher advisory costs than would be the case with an independent subsidiary. In addition, German banks make opening a bank account noticeably more difficult in such constellations.

The Subsidiary

Forming a subsidiary – usually in the well-established legal form of the GmbH – is formally more complex, but offers immense strategic and organisational advantages. The subsidiary is a legally independent company. Even though the parent company sets the direction through its ownership, the subsidiary operates autonomously in day-to-day business. For many of our clients, this structure is the first choice:

  • There is a strict separation of liability (“asset protection”). As a matter of principle, the subsidiary GmbH is only liable with its own assets. If the German or European business runs into difficulties, the assets of the foreign parent company are effectively protected from access by creditors. In modern risk management, this is an indispensable building block for many clients.
  • The independent German company often enjoys a considerably better market standing. A German GmbH signals long-term commitment to customers, banks and authorities and creates trust. It offers a strong local identity. This is also decisive in the competition for highly qualified professionals, as top talent seeks the security of a German employment contract. This remains one of the greatest strengths of the German labour market.
  • The German GmbH has better access to tenders and public funding. Particularly for larger B2B contracts, public tenders and access to state subsidies and research funding, a German company is often a mandatory requirement or at least a massive competitive advantage.
  • Last but not least, the subsidiary is also attractive from a tax perspective. Under the so-called participation exemption (Schachtelprivileg), profit distributions (dividends) from the subsidiary to the parent company are 95% tax-exempt. The prerequisite, however, is that the parent company holds at least 10% of the shares. In the event of a later sale of shares, the capital gain also remains 95% tax-exempt under the same conditions. This is a decisive factor for private equity and venture capital structures.

The Formation Process of a Subsidiary for Foreign Companies

The formation of a subsidiary GmbH follows a clearly structured process, starting with the structural planning, followed by the notarisation and the payment of the share capital into a German business account, through to the registration in the commercial register and the subsequent trade and tax registrations.

The biggest hurdle for international companies almost always lies in proving their own existence and authority of representation. Depending on the country in which the parent company has its registered office, the German commercial register requires certified register extracts, frequently also with an apostille or legalisation, or directors’ resolutions.

Our Services

Do not leave your market entry to chance. The specialised attorneys at vpmk have been successfully implementing corporate structures for international entrepreneurs and corporate groups for more than two decades. We offer you a tailor-made solution for every constellation.

Use our many years of experience for your success in Germany. Contact us for an initial consultation – we will develop the solid foundation for your international growth.

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Frequently Asked Questions about Business & Companies

Frequently Asked Questions about Business & Corporate